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De Castro Martin, AngelAuthorSanchez Gonzalez, AlbertoAuthor

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July 5, 2021
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Hardware-in-the-loop and digital control techniques applied to single-phase pfc converters

Publicated to:Electronics. 10 (13): - 2021-07-01 10(13), DOI: 10.3390/electronics10131563

Authors: Lamo P; de Castro A; Sanchez A; Ruiz GA; Azcondo FJ; Pigazo A

Affiliations

International University of La Rioja - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Tecnol Elect & Comun, Escuela Politecn Super, Ciudad Univ Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Univ Cantabria, Dept Ingn Informat & Elect, ETSIIyT, Avd Castros S-N, Santander 39005, Spain - Author
Univ Cantabria, Dept Tecnol Elect & Ingn Sistemas & Automat, ETSIIyT, Avd Castros S-N, Santander 39005, Spain - Author
Univ Int La Rioja, Escuela Super Ingn & Tecnol, Ave Paz 137, Logrono 26006, Spain - Author
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Author
Universidad de Cantabria - Author
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Abstract

Power electronic converters for power factor correction (PFC) play a key role in single-phase electrical power systems, ensuring that the line current waveform complies with the applicable standards and grid codes while regulating the DC voltage. Its verification implies significant complexity and cost, since it requires long simulations to verify its behavior, for around hundreds of milliseconds. The development and test of the controller include nominal, abnormal and fault conditions in which the equipment could be damaged. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) is a cost-effective technique that allows the power converter to be replaced by a real-time simulation model, avoiding building prototypes in the early stages for the development and validation of the controller. However, the performance-vs-cost trade-off associated with HIL techniques depends on the mathematical models used for replicating the power converter, the load and the electrical grid, as well as the hardware platform chosen to build it, e.g., microprocessor or FPGA, and the required number of channels and I/O types to test the system. This work reviews state-of-the-art HIL techniques and digital control techniques for single-phase PFC converters.

Keywords

alternativesconverterdigital controlelectronicsemulationfpgahardware-in-the-loophilpfcreal-time simulationsystemsConverterDigital controlHardware-in-the-loopHilPfcPower factor correctorPower-factor correction

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Electronics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q3 for the agency WoS (JCR) in the category Engineering, Electrical & Electronic.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.14. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.74 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 5.81 (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-18, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 9
  • Scopus: 19

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-18:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 28.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 31 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/701721