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This research was funded by Spanish MINECO project CTQ2016-78576-R.

Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

Bedia, JorgeCorresponding AuthorPenas-Garzon, ManuelAuthorGomez-Aviles, AlmudenaAuthorRodriguez, Juan JAuthorBelver, CarolinaCorresponding Author
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Review

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Publicated to:C-JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH. 6 (2): 21-21 - 2020-06-01 6(2), DOI: 10.3390/c6020021

Authors: Bedia, Jorge; Penas-Garzon, Manuel; Gomez-Aviles, Almudena; Rodriguez, Juan J; Belver, Carolina

Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Fac Ciencias, Dept Ingn Quim, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain - Author

Abstract

This study reviews the most relevant results on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of activated carbons obtained by novel chemical activation with FeCl3. The text includes a description of the activation mechanism, which compromises three different stages: (1) intense de-polymerization of the carbon precursor (up to 300 degrees C), (2) devolatilization and formation of the inner porosity (between 300 and 700 degrees C), and (3) dehydrogenation of the fixed carbon structure (>700 degrees C). Among the different synthesis conditions, the activation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of FeCl3 to carbon precursor), are the most relevant parameters controlling the final properties of the resulting activated carbons. The characteristics of the carbons in terms of porosity, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties are analyzed in detail. These carbons showed a well-developed porous texture mainly in the micropore size range, an acidic surface with an abundance of oxygen surface groups, and a superparamagnetic character due to the presence of well-distributed iron species. These properties convert these carbons into promising candidates for different applications. They are widely analyzed as adsorbents in aqueous phase applications due to their porosity, surface acidity, and ease of separation. The presence of stable and well-distributed iron species on the carbons' surface makes them promising catalysts for different applications. Finally, the presence of iron compounds has been shown to improve the graphitization degree and conductivity of the carbons; these are consequently being analyzed in energy storage applications.

Keywords
Affordable and clean energy

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 6.28. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-05-06, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 120
  • OpenCitations: 104
Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-05-06:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 418.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 414 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/702873
Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, with a probability of 62% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.
Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (BEDIA GARCIA-MATAMOROS, JORGE) and Last Author (BELVER COLDEIRA, CAROLINA).

the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been BEDIA GARCIA-MATAMOROS, JORGE and BELVER COLDEIRA, CAROLINA.