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We thank the Referee for comments and suggestions that improved the presentation of the results, Frazer Pearce, Franco Vazza for useful discussions and insightful comments, and Volker Springel for making the GADGET3 Code available. S.A. thanks the Observatory and the University of Trieste for warm hospitality during his visit. This work is part of The Three Hundred collaboration. The simulations used in this paper have been performed in the MareNostrum Supercomputer at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center, thanks to CPU time granted by the Red Espanola de Supercomputacion. As part of the Three Hundred project, his work has received financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowskaw-Curie grant agreement number 734374, the LACEGAL project. We further acknowledge financial contribution from the contracts/grants: AYA2015-63810-P (W.C. and G.Y.); ASI 2015-046-R.0 (S.E.); ASI-INAF n.2017-14-H.0 (E.R., S.B., S.E.); PGC2018-094975-B-C21 (G.Y.); PRIN-MIUR 2015W7KAWC (S.B.); INFN INDARK grant (E.R., S.B.); the European Research Council under grant number 670193 (W.C.); DFG Cluster of Excellence Origins (K.D.); DFG project BI 1699/2-1 (V.B.); the sabbatical program for PhD student of Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (S.A.). Part of this work was supported by the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG project number Ts 17/2-1. As requested by the Three Hundred policy, we state the contribution by each author to this paper: S. A.analysed the data and produced the plots; E.R. developed and supervised the project; E.R. wrote the paper with support from V.B.; E.R., V.B., S.B., contributed to the interpretation of the results; M.D.P, S.E., F.P., S.M.S.M provided critical feedback; W.C., K.D., G.M., G.Y. contributed to the simulated data set. The author list is in alphabetic order with the exclusion of the first four authors.

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The Three Hundred Project: Correcting for the hydrostatic-equilibrium mass bias in X-ray and SZ surveys

Publicated to:ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS. 634 A113-A113 - 2020-02-01 634(), DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936742

Authors: Ansarifard, S.; Rasia, E.; Biffi, V; Borgani, S.; Cui, W.; De Petris, M.; Dolag, K.; Ettori, S.; Movahed, S. M. S.; Murante, G.; Yepes, G.;

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Abstract

Accurate and precise measurement of the masses of galaxy clusters is key to deriving robust constraints on cosmological parameters. However, increasing evidence from observations confirms that X-ray masses obtained under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium might be underestimated, as previously predicted by cosmological simulations. We analyze more than 300 simulated massive clusters from the Three Hundred Project, and investigate the connection between mass bias and several diagnostics extracted from synthetic X-ray images of these simulated clusters. We find that the azimuthal scatter measured in 12 sectors of the X-ray flux maps is a statistically significant indication of the presence of an intrinsic (i.e., 3D) clumpy gas distribution. We verify that a robust correction to the hydrostatic mass bias can be inferred when estimates of the gas inhomogeneity from X-ray maps (such as the azimuthal scatter or the gas ellipticity) are combined with the asymptotic external slope of the gas density or pressure profiles, which can be respectively derived from X-ray and millimeter (Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect) observations. We also obtain that mass measurements based on either gas density and temperature or gas density and pressure result in similar distributions of the mass bias. In both cases, we provide corrections that help reduce both the dispersion and skewness of the mass bias distribution. These are effective even when irregular clusters are included leading to interesting implications for the modeling and correction of hydrostatic mass bias in cosmological analyses of current and future X-ray and SZ cluster surveys.

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