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This work was supported from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) and Fondos FEDER (PI15-00255 to ML-T and PI16-00723 to PS-C). Complemento II-CM network (B2017/BMD3673 to ML-T and PS-C). FC was supported by Fundacion SENEFRO (grant to ML-T). MO was supported by National Science Centre (Poland) grant 2015/18/M/NZ6/00334.

Analysis of institutional authors

Lopez-Trascasa, MargaritaAuthor

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Review

Nephritic Factors: An Overview of Classification, Diagnostic Tools and Clinical Associations

Publicated to:Frontiers in Immunology. 10 (886): 886- - 2019-01-01 10(886), DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00886

Authors: Corvillo, Fernando; Okroj, Marcin; Nozal, Pilar; Melgosa, Marta; Sanchez-Corral, Pilar; Lopez-Trascasa, Margarita;

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Abstract

Nephritic factors comprise a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies against neoepitopes generated in the C3 and C5 convertases of the complement system, causing its dysregulation. Classification of these autoantibodies can be clustered according to their stabilization of different convertases either from the classical or alternative pathway. The first nephritic factor described with the capacity to stabilize C3 convertase of the alternative pathway was C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF). Another nephritic factor has been characterized by the ability to stabilize C5 convertase of the alternative pathway (C5NeF). In addition, there are autoantibodies against assembled C3/C5 convertase of the classical and lectin pathways (C4NeF). These autoantibodies have been mainly associated with kidney diseases, like C3 glomerulopathy and immune complex-associated-membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Other clinical situations where these autoantibodies have been observed include infections and autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and acquired partial lipodystrophy. C3 hypocomplementemia is a common finding in all patients with nephritic factors. The methods to measure nephritic factors are not standardized, technically complex, and lack of an appropriate quality control. This review will be focused in the description of the mechanism of action of the three known nephritic factors (C3NeF, C4NeF, and C5NeF), and their association with human diseases. Moreover, we present an overview regarding the diagnostic tools for its detection, and the main therapeutic approach for the patients with nephritic factors.

Keywords

c3 glomerulopathycomplement systemeculizumablipodystrophyAnti-factor bC3 glomerulopathyComplement factor-dComplement systemDecay-accelerating factorDense-deposit diseaseEculizumabFactor-h autoantibodiesHemolytic-uremic syndromeLipodystrophyMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritisNephritic factorPathway c-3 convertaseSystemic-lupus-erythematosus

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position 39/159, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Immunology.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.83. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 2.5 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 20.42 (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-06, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 41
  • Scopus: 66
  • Europe PMC: 30
  • OpenCitations: 60

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-06:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 81 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/691135

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (LOPEZ TRASCASA, MARGARITA).