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January 5, 2026
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Towards sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from guayusa (Ilex guayusa): A comparative study on compressed fluids' performance

Publicated to: JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS. 229 106801- - 2026-03-01 229(), DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106801

Authors:

Zhang, MX; Montero, L; Mendiola, JA; Ibáñez, E
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Affiliations

Chongqing Three Gorges Vocat Coll, Coll Agr & Forestry Sci & Technol - Author
UAM, Inst Food Sci Res, Lab Food, CSIC,CIAL - Author

Abstract

Ilex guayusa, a traditional Amazonian plant rich in caffeine and polyphenols, has attracted interest for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This study evaluates the potential of green compressed fluid extraction techniques to recover bioactive compounds from I. guayusa leaves using environmentally friendly solvents: pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), gas-expanded liquids (GXL), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). A mixture design approach combining CO2, ethanol, water, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) in different proportions as solvents was applied to optimize extraction conditions. Among the tested methods, GXL extraction yielded the highest phenolic content and demonstrated superior antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH) and antiinflammatory (inhibition of lipoxigenase, LOX) activities. Conventional water maceration showed stronger cholinesterase inhibition, suggesting complementary neuroprotective potential. Chemical profiling (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) of the optimized extract confirmed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids associated with the observed bioactivities. These findings highlight the effectiveness of compressed fluid-based green extraction for obtaining multifunctional phytochemicals from I. guayusa, with promising applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Keywords

Compressed fluid extractionGreen solventsMixture experimental designNeuroprotective phytochemicalsPhenolic acids and flavonoids

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2026, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Chemical Engineering (Miscellaneous).

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-05:

  • WoS: 1
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 22.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 22 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 2.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: China.

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