Euclid: V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: A comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission

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Gonzalez-Perez, VAuthorMartinelli, MAuthor

June 30, 2025

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Euclid: V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: A comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission

Publicated to: Astronomy & Astrophysics. 697 A5- - 2025-04-30 697(), DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202450853

Authors:

Castander, FJ; Fosalba, P; Stadel, J; Potter, D; Carretero, J; Tallada-Crespí, P; Pozzetti, L; Bolzonella, M; Mamon, GA; Blot, L; Hoffmann, K; Huertas-Company, M; Monaco, P; Gonzalez, EJ; De Lucia, G; Scarlata, C; Breton, MA; Linke, L; Viglione, C; Li, SS; Zhai, Z; Baghkhani, Z; Pardede, K; Neissner, C; Teyssier, R; Crocce, M; Tutusaus, I; Miller, L; Congedo, G; Biviano, A; Hirschmann, M; Pezzotta, A; Aussel, H; Hoekstra, H; Kitching, T; Percival, WJ; Guzzo, L; Mellier, Y; Oesch, PA; Bowler, RAA; Bruton, S; Allevato, V; Gonzalez-Perez, V; Manera, M; Avila, S; Kovacs, A; Aghanim, N; Altieri, B; Amara, A; Amendola, L; Andreon, S; Auricchio, N; Baccigalupi, C; Baldi, M; Balestra, A; Bardelli, S; Bender, R; Bernardeau, F; Bodendorf, C; Bonino, D; Branchini, E; Brescia, M; Brinchmann, J; Camera, S; Capobianco, V; Carbone, C; Casas, S; Castellano, M; Castignani, G; Cavuoti, S; Cimatti, A; Colodro-Conde, C; Conselice, CJ; Conversi, L; Copin, Y; Corcione, L; Courbin, F; Courtois, HM; Da Silva, A; Degaudenzi, H; Di Giorgio, AM; Dinis, J; Douspis, M; Dubath, F; Duncan, CAJ; Dupac, X; Dusini, S; Ealet, A; Farina, M; Farrens, S; Ferriol, S; Fotopoulou, S; Fourmanoit, N; Frailis, M; Franceschi, E; Franzetti, P; Galeotta, S; Gillard, W; Gillis, B; Giocoli, C; Gomez-Alvarez, P; Granett, BR; Grazian, A; Grupp, F; Haugan, SVH; Holliman, MS; Holmes, W; Hook, I; Hormuth, F; Hornstrup, A; Hudelot, P; Ilic, S; Jahnke, K; Jhabvala, M; Joachimi, B; Keihänen, E; Kermiche, S; Kiessling, A; Kilbinger, M; Kohley, R; Kubik, B; Kümmel, M; Kunz, M; Kurki-Suonio, H; Lahav, O; Laureijs, R; Le Mignant, D; Liebing, P; Ligori, S; Lilje, PB; Lindholm, V; Lloro, I; Maino, D; Maiorano, E; Mansutti, O; Marcin, S; Marggraf, O; Markovic, K; Martinelli, M; Martinet, N; Marulli, F; Massey, R; Masters, DC; Maurogordato, S; McCracken, HJ; Medinaceli, E; Mei, S; Melchior, M; Meneghetti, M; Merlin, E; Meylan, G; Mohr, JJ; Moresco, M; Moscardini, L; Munari, E; Nakajima, R; Nichol, RC; Niemi, SM; Padilla, C; Paech, K; Paltani, S; Pasian, F; Peacock, JA; Pedersen, K; Pettorino, V; Pires, S; Polenta, G; Poncet, M; Popa, LA; Raison, F; Rebolo, R; Renzi, A; Rhodes, J; Riccio, G; Romelli, E; Roncarelli, M; Rosset, C; Rossetti, E; Rusholme, B; Saglia, R; Sakr, Z; Sánchez, AG; Sapone, D; Schewtschenko, JA; Schirmer, M; Schneider, P; Schrabback, T; Scodeggio, M; Secroun, A; Sefusatti, E; Seidel, G; Serrano, S; Sirignano, C; Sirri, G; Stanco, L; Starck, JL; Steinwagner, J; Taylor, AN; Teplitz, HI; Tereno, I; Toledo-Moreo, R; Torradeflot, F; Tsyganov, A; Valenziano, L; Vassallo, T; Veropalumbo, A; Wang, Y; Weller, J; Zacchei, A; Zamorani, G; Zerbi, FM; Zoubian, J; Zucca, E; Boucaud, A; Bozzo, E; Burigana, C; Calabrese, M; Casenove, P; Di Ferdinando, D; Vigo, JAE; Fabbian, G; Finelli, F; Gracia-Carpio, J; Matthew, S; Mauri, N; Pontinen, M; Porciani, C; Scottez, V; Tenti, M; Viel, M; Wiesmann, M; Akrami, Y; Anselmi, S; Archidiacono, M; Atrio-Barandela, F; Aubourg, E; Balaguera-Antolinez, A; Ballardini, M; Bertacca, D; Bethermin, M; Blanchard, A; Bohringer, H; Borgani, S; Bouvard, T; Cabanac, R; Calabro, A; Quevedo, BC; Canas-Herrera, G; Cappi, A; Caro, F; Carvalho, CS; Castro, T; Chambers, KC; Contarini, S; Contini, T; Cooray, AR; Costanzi, M; Cucciati, O; Davini, S; De Caro, B; De la Torre, S; Desprez, G; Diaz-Sanchez, A; Diaz, JJ; Di Domizio, S; Dole, H; Escoffier, S; Ezziati, M; Ferrari, AG; Ferreira, PG; Ferrero, I; Finoguenov, A; Fontana, A; Fornari, F; Gabarra, L; Ganga, K; Garcia-Bellido, J; Gasparetto, T; Gaztanaga, E; Giacomini, F; Gianotti, F; Gonzalez, AH; Gozaliasl, G; Hall, A; Hartley, WG; Hildebrandt, H; Hjorth, J; Holland, AD; Ilbert, O; Joudaki, S; Jullo, E; Kajava, JJE; Kansal, V; Karagiannis, D; Kirkpatrick, CC; Le Graet, J; Legrand, L; Lesgourgues, J; Liaudat, TI; Loureiro, A; Macias-Perez, J; Magliocchetti, M; Mancini, C; Mannucci, F; Maoli, R; Martins, CJAP; Maurin, L; Metcalf, RB; Migliaccio, M; Miluzio, M; Mora, A; Moretti, C; Morgante, G; Nadathur, S; Nicastro, L; Walton, NA; Oguri, M; Patrizii, L; Popa, V; Pourtsidou, A; Reimberg, P; Risso, I; Rocci, PF; Rollins, RP; Sahlen, M; Schaye, J; Schneider, A; Schultheis, M; Sereno, M; Shankar, F; Shulevski, A; Silvestri, A; Simon, P; Mancini, AS; Stanford, SA; Tanidis, K; Tao, C; Tessore, N; Testera, G; Tewes, M; Toft, S; Tosi, S; Troja, A; Tucci, M; Valieri, C; Valiviita, J; Vergani, D; Vernizzi, F; Verza, G; Vielzeuf, P; Weaver, JR; Zalesky, L; Dimauro, P; Duc, PA; Fang, Y; Ferguson, AMN; Gutierrez, CM; Kovacic, I; Kruk, S; Le Brun, AMC; Montoro, A; Murray, C; Pagano, L; Paoletti, D; Sarpa, E; Viitanen, A; Martin-Fleitas, J; Scott, D; Yung, LYA

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Abstract

We present the Flagship galaxy mock, a simulated catalogue of billions of galaxies designed to support the scientific exploitation of the Euclid mission. Euclid is a medium-class mission of the European Space Agency optimised to determine the properties of dark matter and dark energy on the largest scales of the Universe. It probes structure formation over more than 10 billion years primarily from the combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering data. The breadth of Euclid's data will also foster a wide variety of scientific analyses. The Flagship simulation was developed to provide a realistic approximation to the galaxies that will be observed by Euclid and used in its scientific exploitation. We ran a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with four trillion particles, producing a lightcone on the fly. From the dark matter particles, we produced a catalogue of 16 billion haloes in one octant of the sky in the lightcone up to redshift z = 3. We then populated these haloes with mock galaxies using a halo occupation distribution and abundance-matching approach, calibrating the free parameters of the galaxy mock against observed correlations and other basic galaxy properties. Modelled galaxy properties include luminosity and flux in several bands, redshifts, positions and velocities, spectral energy distributions, shapes and sizes, stellar masses, star formation rates, metallicities, emission line fluxes, and lensing properties. We selected a final sample of 3.4 billion galaxies with a magnitude cut of H-E < 26, where we are complete. We have performed a comprehensive set of validation tests to check the similarity to observational data and theoretical models. In particular, our catalogue is able to closely reproduce the main characteristics of the weak lensing and galaxy clustering samples to be used in the mission main cosmological analysis. Moreover, given its depth and completeness, this new galaxy mock also provides the community with a powerful tool for developing a wide range of scientific analyses beyond the Euclid mission.

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Keywords

Active galactic nucleiCatalogsCosmology: observationsGalaxies: evolutionGravitational lensing: weakH-alphaHalo occupation distributionLarge-scale structureLarge-scale structure of universLarge-scale structure of universeLuminosity functionMass-metallicity relationPhotometric redshiftsPower spectraStar-forming galaxiesVelocity dispersio

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The work has been published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 15/84, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-04:

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Scopus: 14

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This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Brazil; Canada; Chile; China; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Lebanon; Netherlands; Norway; Oman; Portugal; South African Republic; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States of America.

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Awards linked to the item

FJC and PF acknowledge support form the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, projects PID2019-11317GB, PID2022-141079NB, PID2022-138896NB; the European Research Executive Agency HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 101086388 (LACE-GAL) and the programme Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, project CEX2020-001058-M. We acknowledge the support of the PRACE project (Call 17) "Simulating the Euclid Universe" for the computer time on the Piz Daint supercomputer at CSCS, Lugano, Switzerland, which made possible the world-leading Flagship 2 N-body simulation. The Port d'Informacio Cientifica (PIC) is maintained through a collaboration between CIEMAT and IFAE. This work has been supported by MCIN/AEI grant EQC2021-007479-P and European Union NextGenerationEU grant PRTR-C17.I1 and by Generalitat de Catalunya. This work has been partially funded by Premiale MITIC 2015. The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development of Euclid, in particular the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Austrian Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft funded through BMK, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt, the DTU Space and the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark, the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Research Council of Finland, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on the Euclid web site (https://www.euclid-ec.org).

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Euclid: V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: A comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission

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Abstract

Keywords

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

Impact and social visibility

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

Awards linked to the item