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This research was supported by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (Dublin, Ireland; FIRM project 13 F 354-WheyGSH). A. R. Corrochano is in receipt of a Teagasc Walsh Fellowship. The authors kindly acknowledge the assistance of Anne Marie Mc Auliffe (Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland) to determine free amino acids and Laura Saenz Benita (Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland) to optimize HPLC conditions.

Analysis of institutional authors

Arranz, ElenaAuthor
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Article

Comparison of antioxidant activities of bovine whey proteins before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Publicated to:JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE. 102 (1): 54-67 - 2019-01-01 102(1), DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14581

Authors: Corrochano, Alberto R; Saricay, Yunus; Arranz, Elena; Kelly, Phil M; Buckin, Vitaly; Giblin, Linda

Affiliations

Teagasc Food Res Ctr, Moorepk, Fermoy P61 C996, Cork, Ireland - Author
Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Chem & Chem Biol, Dublin D04 V1W8 4, Ireland - Author

Abstract

Oxidative stress caused by free radicals has been implicated in several human disorders. Dietary antioxidants can help the body to counteract those reactive species and reduce oxidative stress. Antioxidant activity is one of the multiple health-promoting attributes assigned to bovine whey products. The present study investigated whether this activity was retained during upper gut transit using a static simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) model. The capacity to scavenge free radicals and reduce ferric ion of whey protein isolate (WPI), individual whey proteins, and hydrolysates pre- and post-SGID were measured and compared using various antioxidant assays. In addition, the free AA released from individual protein fractions in physiological gut conditions were characterized. Our results indicated that the antioxidant activity of WPI after exposure to the harsh conditions of the upper gut significantly increased compared with intact WPI. From an antioxidant bioactivity viewpoint, this exposure negates the need for prior hydrolysis of WPI. The whey protein alpha-lactalbumin showed the highest antioxidant properties post-SGID (oxygen radical absorbance capacity = 1,825.94 +/- 50.21 mu mol of Trolox equivalents/g of powder) of the 4 major whey proteins tested with the release of the highest amount of the antioxidant AA tryptophan, 6.955 mu mol of tryptophan/g of protein. Therefore, alpha-lactalbumin should be the preferred whey protein in food formulations to boost antioxidant defenses.

Keywords
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acidAlpha-lactalbumiAlpha-lactalbuminAnimalsAntioxidant activityAntioxidantsBioactive propertiesBromelainsCapacityCattleChromansDigestionFoodFree radical scavengersGastrointestinal tractHumansHydrogen-ion concentrationHydrolysateHydrolysisIdentificationIn-vitroLactalbuminMetalloendopeptidasesMicrobial metalloproteinasesMilk proteinsMilk-proteinsOxidative stressPeptidesPretreatmenSimulated gastrointestinal digestionSubtilisinsWheyWhey protein hydrolysisWhey proteinsΑ-lactalbumin

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position 5/63, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 6.18. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 7.5 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 8.86 (source consulted: Dimensions May 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-05-11, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 62
  • Scopus: 69
  • Europe PMC: 18
  • OpenCitations: 70
Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-05-11:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 129.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 129 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 6.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 4 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: United Kingdom.