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Martinelli, MCorresponding AuthorNesseris, SAuthor

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November 25, 2021
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Article

Euclid: Constraining dark energy coupled to electromagnetism using astrophysical and laboratory data

Publicated to: ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS. 654 - 2021-10-01 654(), DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141353

Authors:

Martinelli, M.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Nesseris, S.; Tutusaus, I; Blanchard, A.; Camera, S.; Carbone, C.; Casas, S.; Pettorino, V; Sakr, Z.; Yankelevich, V; Sapone, D.; Amara, A.; Auricchio, N.; Bodendorf, C.; Bonino, D.; Branchini, E.; Capobianco, V; Carretero, J.; Castellano, M.; Cavuoti, S.; Cimatti, A.; Cledassou, R.; Corcione, L.; Costille, A.; Degaudenzi, H.; Douspis, M.; Dubath, F.; Dusini, S.; Ealet, A.; Ferriol, S.; Frailis, M.; Franceschi, E.; Garilli, B.; Giocoli, C.; Grazian, A.; Grupp, F.; Haugan, S. V. H.; Holmes, W.; Hormuth, F.; Jahnke, K.; Kiessling, A.; Kummel, M.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Ligori, S.; Lilje, P. B.; Lloro, I; Mansutti, O.; Marggraf, O.; Markovic, K.; Massey, R.; Meneghetti, M.; Meylan, G.; Moscardini, L.; Niemi, S. M.; Padilla, C.; Paltani, S.; Pasian, F.; Pedersen, K.; Pires, S.; Poncet, M.; Popa, L.; Raison, F.; Rebolo, R.; Rhodes, J.; Roncarelli, M.; Rossetti, E.; Saglia, R.; Secroun, A.; Seidel, G.; Serrano, S.; Sirignano, C.; Sirri, G.; Starck, J-L; Tavagnacco, D.; Taylor, A. N.; Tereno, I; Toledo-Moreo, R.; Valenziano, L.; Wang, Y.; Zamorani, G.; Zoubian, J.; Baldi, M.; Brescia, M.; Congedo, G.; Conversi, L.; Copin, Y.; Fabbian, G.; Farinelli, R.; Medinaceli, E.; Mei, S.; Polenta, G.; Romelli, E.; Vassallo, T.;
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Affiliations

Aix Marseille Univ, CPPM, CNRS IN2P3, Marseille, France - Author
Aix Marseille Univ, LAM, CNES, CNRS, Marseille, France - Author
Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis & Astron Augusto Righi, Via Piero Gobetti 93-2, I-40129 Bologna, Italy - Author
ASTRON, NOVA Opt Infrared Instrumentat Grp, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands - Author
Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol, Inst Fis Altes Energies IFAE, Campus UAB, Barcelona 08193, Spain - Author
CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA - Author
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA - Author
Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales - Author
CSIC, Inst Space Sci ICE, Campus UAB,Caner Can Magrans S-N, Barcelona 08193, Spain - Author
Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Toulouse, France - Author
Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Observ Sauverny, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland - Author
ESAC ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo S-N, Madrid 28692, Spain - Author
European Space Agcy, ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, I-00044 Rome, Italy - Author
European Space Agcy, Estec, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands - Author
INAF IASF Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy - Author
INAF IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, I-20133 Milan, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astrofis & Sci, Spazio Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93-3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astron Padova, Via Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy - Author
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste, Via GB Tiepolo11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy - Author
INFN Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy - Author
INFN Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy - Author
Inst Astrofis Canarias, Calle Via Lactea S-N, Tenerife 38204, Spain - Author
Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya IEEC, CarrerGran Capit 2-4, Barcelona 08034, Spain - Author
Inst Fis Teor UAM CSIC, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Inst Natl Phys Nucl & Phys Particules, 3 Rue Michel Ange, F-75794 Paris 16, France - Author
Inst Space Sci, Bucharest 077125, Romania - Author
Ist Nazl Astrofis INAF, Osservatorio Astrofis & Sci Spazio OAS, Via Gobetti 93-3, I-40127 Bologna, Italy - Author
Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sect Naples, Via Cinthia 6, I-80126 Naples, Italy - Author
Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy - Author
Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6-2, I-40127 Bologna, Italy - Author
Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma Tre, Via Vasca Navale 84, I-00146 Rome, Italy - Author
Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Torino, Via P Giuria 1, I-10125 Turin, Italy - Author
Italian Space Agcy, Space Sci Data Ctr, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy - Author
Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, Merseyside, England - Author
Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Fak Phys, Univ Sternwarte Munchen, Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany - Author
Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany - Author
Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessen Bachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany - Author
Roma Tre Univ, Dept Math & Phys, Via Vasca Navale 84, I-00146 Rome, Italy - Author
Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark - Author
Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Via Gobetti 93-2, I-40129 Bologna, Italy - Author
Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, Hugel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany - Author
Univ Chile, Dept Fis, FCFM, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile - Author
Univ Durham, Inst Computat Cosmol, Dept Phys, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England - Author
Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Royal Observ, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland - Author
Univ Federico II, Dept Phys E Pancini, Via Cinthia 6, I-80126 Naples, Italy - Author
Univ Geneva, Ctr Astroparticle Phys, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland - Author
Univ Geneva, Dept Astron, Ch Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland - Author
Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Theor, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland - Author
Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Hallstromin Katu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland - Author
Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland - Author
Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, Tenerife 38206, Spain - Author
Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Edificio C8, P-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal - Author
Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal - Author
Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IP2I Lyon, CNRS IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France - Author
Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, POB 1029, N-0315 Oslo, Norway - Author
Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron G Galilei, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy - Author
Univ Paris Diderot, APC, CNRS IN2P3, CEA Irfu,Observ Paris,Sorbonne Paris Cite,AstroPa, 10 Rue Alice Domon & Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris 13, France - Author
Univ Paris Saclay, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France - Author
Univ Paris, CNRS, CEA, AIM,Univ Paris Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France - Author
Univ Politecn Cartagena, Dept Elect & Tecnol Comp, Cartagena 30202, Spain - Author
Univ Porto, Ctr Astrofis, Rua Estrelas, P-4150762 Porto, Portugal - Author
Univ Porto, Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco, CAUP, Rua Estrelas, P-4150762 Porto, Portugal - Author
Univ Portsmouth, Inst Cosmol & Gravitat, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, Hants, England - Author
Univ St Joseph, Fac Sci, UR EGFEM, Lebanon, NH USA - Author
Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, Via P Giuria 1, I-10125 Turin, Italy - Author
Univ Toulouse, CNES, UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol IRAP,CNRS, 14 Av Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France - Author
von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, Schlosspl 8, D-68723 Schwetzingen, Germany - Author
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Abstract

In physically realistic, scalar-field-based dynamical dark energy models (including, e.g., quintessence), one naturally expects the scalar field to couple to the rest of the model's degrees of freedom. In particular, a coupling to the electromagnetic sector leads to a time (redshift) dependence in the fine-structure constant and a violation of the weak equivalence principle. Here we extend the previous Euclid forecast constraints on dark energy models to this enlarged (but physically more realistic) parameter space, and forecast how well Euclid, together with high-resolution spectroscopic data and local experiments, can constrain these models. Our analysis combines simulated Euclid data products with astrophysical measurements of the fine-structure constant, alpha, and local experimental constraints, and it includes both parametric and non-parametric methods. For the astrophysical measurements of alpha, we consider both the currently available data and a simulated dataset representative of Extremely Large Telescope measurements that are expected to be available in the 2030s. Our parametric analysis shows that in the latter case, the inclusion of astrophysical and local data improves the Euclid dark energy figure of merit by between 8% and 26%, depending on the correct fiducial model, with the improvements being larger in the null case where the fiducial coupling to the electromagnetic sector is vanishing. These improvements would be smaller with the current astrophysical data. Moreover, we illustrate how a genetic algorithms based reconstruction provides a null test for the presence of the coupling. Our results highlight the importance of complementing surveys like Euclid with external data products, in order to accurately test the wider parameter spaces of physically motivated paradigms.
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Keywords

Cosmological parametersCosmologyCosmology: observationsFine-structure constantGravityLimitsMethods: data analysisMethods: statisticalQuintessenceSpace vehicles: instrumentsSurveys

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 12/69, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Astronomy & Astrophysics.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.05. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.15 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-06, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 16
  • Scopus: 17
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-06:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 16.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 16 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 2.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 4 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Additionally, the work has been submitted to a journal classified as Diamond in relation to this type of editorial policy.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Chile; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Lebanon; Netherlands; Norway; Oman; Portugal; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States of America.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (MARTINELLI, MATTEO) .

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been MARTINELLI, MATTEO.

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Awards linked to the item

MM has received the support of a fellowship from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434), with fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI19/11690015, and the support of the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program SEV-2016-059. The work of CJM was financed by FEDER Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987. IT acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through grant ESP2017-89838, and the H2020 programme of the European Commission through grant 776247. SN acknowledges support from the research project PGC2018-094773-B-C32, the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program SEV-2016-059 and the Ramon y Cajal program through Grant No. RYC-2014-15843. The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development of Euclid, in particular the Academy of Finland, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt, the Danish Space Research Institute, the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space O ffice (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on the Euclid web site (http://www.euclid-ec.org).
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