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The Almohads and the "Qur'anization" of War Narrative and Ritual

Publicated to:Religions. 12 (10): 876- - 2021-10-01 12(10), DOI: 10.3390/rel12100876

Authors: Albarran, Javier

Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ancient & Medieval Hist Dept, Ciudad Univ Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Univ Hamburg, RomanIslam Ctr Comparat Empire & Transcultural St, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany - Author

Abstract

The Almohad movement (12th-13th centuries, Islamic West) had in the return to the direct study of the primary sources of Islam-the Qur'an and the Sunna-and in jihad, two of its most important pillars of legitimation and action. In this sense, it is an ideal period to study how both realities-Qur'an and jihad-were linked in a given historical context. During the Almohad period, the use of Qur'anic verses in accounts related to war episodes became widespread. We thus witness a "Qur'anization " of the war narrative, a resource adding greater religiosity and spirituality to the context of jihad, to its elaboration and discursive representation, and to its memory and remembrance through written testimonies. In this paper I study, through the main narrative and documentary sources of the period, how the Qur'an was inserted into and adapted to the Almohad war discourse. Likewise, this approach allows me to explore how the Qur'an came to life within the framework of the Almohad jihad, how it served for its justification and legitimation, and how it formed part of the ceremony and the war protocol of the Maghrebi caliphate, thus linking itself with other discursive and propaganda mechanisms such as architecture or military parades.

Keywords

AlmohadsHoly warJihadQur'anQur’anWar ritual

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Religions due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Religious Studies. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.54. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 2 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 4.81 (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-15, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 1
  • Scopus: 2
  • OpenCitations: 1

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-15:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 19 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Germany.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Albarran Iruela, Javier) and Last Author (Albarran Iruela, Javier).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Albarran Iruela, Javier.