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This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Project (WINCOST: ENE2016-80788-C5-2-R, CELL2-WIN: PID2019-104372RB-C32) and European Project INFINITE-CELL (H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017-777968). MG acknowledges the financial support from Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities within the Juan de la Cierva Program (IJC2018-038199-I). Authors from IREC belong to the SEMS (Solar Energy Materials and Systems) Consolidated Research Group of the "Generalitat de Catalunya" (Ref. 2017 SGR 862). The authors acknowledge the service from the MiNa Laboratory at IMN-CSIC, and funding from CM (project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE), MINECO (project CSIC13-4E-1794) and European Union (FEDER, FSE).

Analysis of institutional authors

Ruiz-Perona, ACorresponding AuthorMerino, JmAuthorLeon, MAuthorCaballero, RCorresponding Author

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November 1, 2021
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Wide band gap Cu2ZnGe(S,Se)(4) thin films and solar cells: Influence of Na content and incorporation method

Publicated to:SOLAR ENERGY. 226 251-259 - 2021-09-15 226(), DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.08.032

Authors: Ruiz-Perona, Andrea; Guc, Maxim; Sanchez, Yudania; Kodalle, Tim; Merino, Jose M.; Leon, Maximo; Caballero, Raquel;

Affiliations

Catalonia Inst Energy Res, IREC, C Jardins Dones de Negre 1, Barcelona 08930, Spain - Author
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Mat & Energie, PVcomB, Schwarzschildstr 3, D-12489 Berlin, Germany - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Aplicada, C Tomas & Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author

Abstract

The influence of the Na content and incorporation procedure into Cu2ZnGe(S,Se)4 (CZGSSe) thin films and solar cells is investigated. The effects of the presence/absence of Se during the deposition of a 15 nm thick NaF layer before and/or after the Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) co-evaporation, are compared. Both the Na content, and Na-supply method significantly influence the incorporation of S into the CZGSe lattice and its distribution in the absorber. A [S]/([S] + [Se])-gradient throughout the CZGSSe layers is observed for all the samples and correlated with effects induced by the Na incorporation procedure. For instance, the evaporation of Se together with NaF leads to an increased S concentration in the surface-region of the CZGSSe layer and a modified surface morphology. CZGSSe-based solar cells with band gap energies of about 2 eV are obtained, regardless of the NaF addition method used, while the absence of the NaF layer reduces the S incorporation and the Eg. However, the evaporation of Se together with NaF results in higher Eg and open circuit voltage VOC, probably related to a higher S accumulation near the surface, demonstrating the importance of the [S]/([S] + [Se]) distribution. CZGSSe-based photovoltaic devices with efficiency of 3.2 % and Eg of 2 eV are obtained.

Keywords

Cu(in,ga)se-2Cu2znge(sNaSeSe)(4)Solar cellsSulfurizationWide band gap

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal SOLAR ENERGY due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Materials Science (Miscellaneous).

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2025-08-05:

  • WoS: 3
  • Scopus: 5

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-08-05:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 23 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/699470

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Germany.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (RUIZ PERONA, ANDREA) and Last Author (CABALLERO MESA, ANA RAQUEL).

the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been RUIZ PERONA, ANDREA and CABALLERO MESA, ANA RAQUEL.