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Morales, MbAuthorAzcarate, FmAuthorOlea, PpAuthorPeco, BAuthorSeoane, JAuthorTarjuelo, RAuthorTraba, JAuthor

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August 2, 2021
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Environmental objectives of the Spanish agriculture: Scientific guidelines for their effective implementation under the Common Agricultural Policy 2023-2030

Publicated to:Ardeola-International Journal of Ornithology. 68 (2): 445-460 - 2021-07-01 68(2), DOI: 10.13157/arla.68.2.2021.fo1

Authors: Diaz, Mario; Concepcion, Elena D; Morales, Manuel B; Carlos Alonso, Juan; Azcarate, Francisco M; Bartomeus, Ignacio; Bota, Gerard; Brotons, Lluis; Garcia, Daniel; Giralt, David; Gutierrez, Jose Eugenio; Lopez-Bao, Jose Vicente; Manosa, Santiago; Milla, Ruben; Minarro, Marcos; Navarro, Alberto; Olea, Pedro P; Palacin, Carlos; Peco, Begona; Rey, Pedro J; Seoane, Javier; Suarez-Seoane, Susana; Schob, Christian; Tarjuelo, Rocio; Traba, Juan; Valera, Francisco; Velado-Alonso, Elena

Affiliations

Agroecol Solut SL, Finca Corchuelas Medio, E-10694 Torrejon El Rubio, Spain - Author
Complejo Tecnol Serv Avanzados, SEO BirdLife Int, Manzana 11, Jaen 23620, Spain - Author
Consejo Super Invest Cient EBD CSIC, Estn Biol Donana, Seville 41092, Spain - Author
CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Dept Biogeog & Global Change BGC MNCN, C Serrano 115 Bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain - Author
CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Grp Ecol & Conservac Aves, C Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain - Author
Estn Expt Zonas Aridas EEZA CSIC, Dept Funct & Evolutionary Ecol, Ctra Sacramento S-N, E-04120 Almeria, Spain - Author
Forest Sci & Technol Ctr Catalonia CTFC CSIC, Landscape Dynam & Biodivers Program, Crtra St Llorenc Morunys,Km 2, Solsona 25280, Spain - Author
InForest JRU CTFC CREAF, Crtra St Llorenc de Morunys,Km 2, Solsona 25280, Spain - Author
IREC CSIC UCLM JCCM, Inst Game & Wildlife Res, Ronda Toledo 12, E-13005 Ciudad Real, Spain - Author
Serv Reg Invest & Desarrollo Agroalimentario Prin, Camino Rioseco 1225, Deva 33394, Gijon, Spain - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Invest Biodiversidad & Cambio Global CIBC UAM, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Fac Ciencias, Dept Ecol, Terr Ecol Grp TEG, C Darwin 2, E-28049 Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Inst Recerca Biodiversitat IRBio, Dept Biol Evolut Ecol & Ciencies Ambientals, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain - Author
Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Biol Sci, Dept Biodivers Ecol & Evolut, C Jose Antonio Novais 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Jaen, Dept Biol Anim Biol Vegetal & Ecol, E-23071 Jaen, Spain - Author
Univ Oviedo, Dept Organisms & Syst Biol BOS, Oviedo, Mieres, Spain - Author
Univ Oviedo, Ecol Unit, Oviedo, Mieres, Spain - Author
Univ Oviedo, Res Unit Biodivers UMIB, Oviedo, Mieres, Spain - Author
Univ Oviedo, UO CSIC PA, Oviedo, Mieres, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Biol Geol Fis & Quim Inorgan, C Tulipan S-N, Mostoles 28933, Spain - Author
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Abstract

The next reform of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the period 20212027 (currently extended to 2023-2030) requires the approval by the European Commission of a Strategic Plan with environmental objectives for each Member State. Here we use the best available scientific evidence on the relationships between agricultural practices and biodiversity to delineate specific recommendations for the development of the Spanish Strategic Plan. Scientific evidence shows that Spain should (1) identify clear regional biodiversity targets and the landscape-level measures needed to achieve them; (2) define ambitious and complementary criteria across the three environmental instruments (enhanced conditionality, eco-schemes, and agri-environmental and climate measures) of the CAP's Green Architecture, especially in simple and complex landscapes; (3) ensure that other CAP instruments (areas of nature constraints, organic farming and protection of endangered livestock breeds and crop varieties) really support biodiversity; (4) improve farmers' knowledge and adjust measures to real world constraints; and (5) invest in biodiversity and ecosystem service monitoring in order to evaluate how the Plan achieves regional and national targets and to improve measures if targets are not met. We conclude that direct assessments of environmental objectives are technically and economically feasible, can be attractive to farmers, and are socially fair and of great interest for improving the environmental effectiveness of CAP measures. The explicit and rigorous association of assessments and monitoring, relating specific environmental indicators to regional objectives, should be the main criterion for the approval of the Strategic Plan in an environmentally-focused CAP 2023-2030.

Keywords

BiodiversityCap reformEcosystem servicesScientific guidelinesStrategic plan

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Ardeola-International Journal of Ornithology due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 8/29, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Ornithology. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Animal Science and Zoology.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 9.58. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 4.71 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 7.15 (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-06, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 25
  • Scopus: 24

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-06:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 80.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 83 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 36.55.
  • The number of mentions on the social network Facebook: 2 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 45 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/716106