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Review

Monitoring of airborne biological particles in outdoor atmosphere. Part 1: Importance, variability and ratios

Publicated to:INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY. 19 (1): 1-13 - 2016-01-01 19(1), DOI: 10.2436/20.1501.01.258

Authors: Núñez A; Amo de Paz G; Rastrojo A; García A; Alcamí A; Gutiérrez-Bustillo A; Moreno D

Affiliations

Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain - Author
CSIC UAM, Ctr Mol Biol Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain - Author
Departament of Plant Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain - Author
Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain - Author
Tech Univ Madrid, Higher Tech Sch Ind Engn, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Plant Biol 2, Fac Pharm, Madrid, Spain - Author
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Abstract

The first part of this review ("Monitoring of airborne biological particles in outdoor atmosphere. Part 1: Importance, variability and ratios") describes the current knowledge on the major biological particles present in the air regarding their global distribution, concentrations, ratios and influence of meteorological factors in an attempt to provide a framework for monitoring their biodiversity and variability in such a singular environment as the atmosphere. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, pollen and fragments thereof are the most abundant microscopic biological particles in the air outdoors. Some of them can cause allergy and severe diseases in humans, other animals and plants, with the subsequent economic impact. Despite the harsh conditions, they can be found from land and sea surfaces to beyond the troposphere and have been proposed to play a role also in weather conditions and climate change by acting as nucleation particles and inducing water vapour condensation. In regards to their global distribution, marine environments act mostly as a source for bacteria while continents additionally provide fungal and pollen elements. Within terrestrial environments, their abundances and diversity seem to be influenced by the land-use type (rural, urban, coastal) and their particularities. Temporal variability has been observed for all these organisms, mostly triggered by global changes in temperature, relative humidity, et cetera. Local fluctuations in meteorological factors may also result in pronounced changes in the airbiota. Although biological particles can be transported several hundreds of meters from the original source, and even intercontinentally, the time and final distance travelled are strongly influenced by factors such as wind speed and direction. [Int Microbiol 2016; 19(1):1-1 3].Copyright© by the Spanish Society for Microbiology and Institute for Catalan Studies.

Keywords
air-genome ratiosairbiotaairborne biological particlesbioaerosolsAir-genome ratiosAirbiotaAirborne biological particlesBioaerosolsMeteorological factors

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY, and although the journal is classified in the quartile Q4 (Agencia WoS (JCR)), its regional focus and specialization in Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology, give it significant recognition in a specific niche of scientific knowledge at an international level.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.08. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.28 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 2.97 (source consulted: Dimensions May 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-05-21, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 31
  • Scopus: 43
  • Europe PMC: 2
  • OpenCitations: 19
Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-05-21:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 111.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 111 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 3.
Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (NUÑEZ HERNÁNDEZ, ANDRÉS) .