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All authors are partially supported by the grant PID2021-124473NB-I00, "Algorithmic Differential Algebra and Integrability" (ADAI) from the Spanish MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE. R.D. is partially supported by the Poul Due Jensen Grant 883901.

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Computing Almost Commuting Bases of ODOs and Gelfand-Dickey Hierarchies

Publicated to:Mathematics In Computer Science. 19 (1): 4- - 2025-12-01 19(1), DOI: 10.1007/s11786-025-00601-9

Authors: Jimenez-Pastor, Antonio; Rueda, Sonia L; Zurro, Maria-Angeles; Hernandez Heredero, Rafael; Delgado, Rafael

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Abstract

Almost commuting operators were introduced in 1985 by George Wilson to present generalizations of the Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy, nowadays known as Gelfand-Dickey (GD) hierarchies. In this paper, we review the formal construction of the vector space of almost commuting operators with a given ordinary differential operator (ODO), with the ultimate goal of obtaining a basis by computational routines, using the language of differential polynomials. We use Wilson's results on weighted ODOs to guarantee the solvability of the triangular system that allows us to compute the homogeneous almost commuting operator of a given order in the ring of ODOs. As a consequence, the computation of the equations of the GD hierarchies is achieved without using pseudo-differential operators. A new package in SageMath called dalgebra has been designed to perform symbolic calculations in differential domains. The algorithms to calculate the almost commuting basis and the GD hierarchies in the ring of ODOs are implemented in SageMath, and explicit examples are provided.

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