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Muriel-Barrado, Alfonso TomasAuthorSanchez-Olivares, PabloAuthorFernandez-Gonzalez, Jose-ManuelAuthor

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April 14, 2025
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In-Depth Analysis of Ka-Band Integrated Commercial Beamformer Non-Idealities in Phased Array Calibration and Pattern Prediction Methods for 5G Scenarios

Publicated to: Ieee Access. 13 55442-55455 - 2025-01-01 13(), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3555140

Authors:

Maeso, JC; Sun, XL; Muriel-Barrado, AT; Varela, FR; Sánchez-Olivares, P; Fernández-González, JM; Castañer, MS
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Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Escuela Politecn Super, Grp Radio Frequency Circuits Antennas & Syst RFCAS, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Informat Proc & Telecommun Ctr, ETSI Telecomunicac, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Madrid 28032, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Telemat Syst & Comp Grp Microwave Engn & Radiocomm, Madrid 28032, Spain - Author
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Abstract

This paper comprehensively examines the non-idealities inherent in commercially available beamformers and explores their implications in the calibration procedures for phased array antennas. The non-ideal nature of the beamformer is meticulously modeled and assessed through extensive S-Parameter measurements to discern its impact on analyzed excitation retrieval methods. The Rotating-element Electric-field Vector (REV) and Control Circuit Encoding (CCE) methods are simulated using a synthetic array with spherical wave expansion driven by output coefficients measured from the beamformer. Simulations are executed to compare the REV method with a Selective-REV variant, designed to enhance coefficient prediction accuracy by leveraging a priori knowledge of phase-shifter amplitude deviations. Additionally, amplitude, phase, and complex CCE encodings are employed to determine the encoding technique that best accommodates beamformer non-idealities. Finally, anechoic chamber measurements assess the pattern prediction capabilities of the analyzed methods, and an iterative calibration scheme is proposed to compensate for the studied beamformer errors due to its behavior.
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Keywords

Active phased arraysAdaptive arraysAntennaAntenna integrated circuitAntenna measurementsCalibrationCouplingsEncodingIntegrated circuit modelingIntegrated circuitsPattern estimationPeripheral probe calibratioPeripheral probe calibrationPhase shiftersPhased arraysProbesRadio frequencyTransmitte

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal IEEE Access due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Engineering (Miscellaneous).

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 3 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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    Awards linked to the item

    This work was supported by Spanish Government, Ministry of Economy, National Program of Research, Development and Innovation under the Project New Array Antenna Technologies and Digital Processing for the FUTURE Integrated Terrestrial and Space-Based Millimeter Wave Radio Systems-Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM)-InTerSpaCE-Proyecto financiado por Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN)/Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)/10.13039/50110001103 under Grant PID2020-112545RB-C51.
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