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This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, grant number PID2019-110570GB-100.

Analysis of institutional authors

Ripa, InesAuthorBello-Morales, RaquelCorresponding AuthorLopez-Guerrero, Jose AntonioAuthor

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March 5, 2025
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Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Herpesvirus Infections

Publicated to:INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES. 26 (4): 1767- - 2025-02-01 26(4), DOI: 10.3390/ijms26041767

Authors: Galdo-Torres, Daniel; Andreu, Sabina; Caballero, Oliver; Hernandez-Ruiz, Israel; Ripa, Ines; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Lopez-Guerrero, Jose Antonio

Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Biol Mol, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author

Abstract

In addition to its classical role in calcium and phosphate metabolism regulation, vitamin D also has an important impact on immunity modulation. Vitamin D regulates the immune response, shifting from a proinflammatory state to a more tolerogenic one by increasing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines while downregulating proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, low levels of vitamin D have been associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, this prohormone also enhances the release of well-known antimicrobial peptides, like cathelicidin LL-37 and beta-defensins; therefore, it has been proposed that vitamin D serum levels might be related to the risk of well-known pathogen infections, including herpesviruses. These are a group of widely spread viral pathogens that can cause severe encephalitis or tumors like Kaposi's sarcoma and Burkitt lymphoma. However, there is no consensus on the minimum levels of vitamin D or the recommended daily dose, making it difficult to establish a possible association between these two factors. This narrative non-systematic review will analyze the mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates the immune system and recent studies about whether there is an association between vitamin D serum levels and herpesvirus infections.

Keywords

25-hydroxyvitamin dActivatioAnimalsBronchial epithelial-cellsCathelicidinCathelicidin (ll-37)Circulating levelsCytomegalovirusCytomegalovirus-infectionD deficiencyD-receptorEpstein-barr viruEpstein–barr virusHerpes simplex virus 1Herpes simplex virus 2HerpesviridaeHerpesviridae infectionsHerpesvirusHumansImmune modulationPathogenesisVirusVitamin d

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 68/231, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Chemistry, Multidisciplinary.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-04:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 5 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Galdo-Torres, Daniel) and Last Author (LOPEZ GUERRERO, JOSE ANTONIO).

    the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been Andreu, Sabina and BELLO-MORALES ARROYO, ANGELES RAQUEL.