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Suarez, Sebastian AAuthor

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January 15, 2025
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Time-Resolved Electrochemical Quantification of Azanone (HNO) at Low Nanomolar Level

Publicated to: Analytical Chemistry. 85 (21): 10262-10269 - 2013-11-05 85(21), DOI: 10.1021/ac402134b

Authors:

Suarez, Sebastian A; Suarez, Sebastian A; Bikiel, Damian E; Bikiel, Damian E; Wetzler, Diana E; Wetzler, Diana E; Marti, Marcelo A; Marti, Marcelo A; Doctorovich, Fabio
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Affiliations

Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Quim Biol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina - Author
Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, INQUIMAE CONICET, Dept Quim Inorgan Analit & Quim Fis, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina - Author

Abstract

Azanone (HNO, nitroxyl) is a highly reactive and short-lived compound with intriguing and highly relevant properties. It has been proposed to be a reaction intermediate 60 in several chemical reactions and an in vivo, endogenously produced key metabolite and/or signaling molecule. In addition, its donors have important pharmacological properties. Therefore, given its relevance and elusive nature (it reacts with itself very quickly), the development of reliable analytical methods for quantitative HNO detection is in high demand for the advancement of future research in this area. During the past few years, several methods were developed that rely on chemical reactions followed by mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-vis, or fluorescence-trapping-based methodologies. In this work, our recently developed HNO-sensing electrode, based on the covalent attachment of cobalt(II) 8,10,15,20-tetrakis[3-(p-acetylthiopropoxy)phenyl] porphyrin [Co(P)] to a gold electrode, has been thoroughly characterized in terms of sensibility, accuracy, time-resolved detection, and compatibility with complex biologically compatible media. Our results show that the Co(P) electrode: (i) allows time-resolved detection and kinetic analysis of the electrode response (the underlying HNO-producing reactions can be characterized) (ii) is able to selectively detect and reliably quantify HNO in the 1-1000 nM range, and (iii) has good biological media compatibility (including cell culture), displaying a lack of spurious signals due to the presence of O-2, NO, and other reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. In summary, the Co(P) electrode is to our knowledge the best prospect for use in studies investigating HNO-related chemical and biological reactions.
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Keywords

Aqueous-solutionChemistrDecompositionDiscriminationGenerationNitric-oxide synthaseNitroxyl hnoNo-center-dotProtonationSodium trioxodinitrate

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Analytical Chemistry due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2013, it was in position 4/76, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Chemistry, Analytical.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 2.54. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 2.22 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-05, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 74
  • Scopus: 74
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 46.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 46 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 4.

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Argentina.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (SUAREZ, SEBASTIAN ANGEL) .

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Project objectives

Los objetivos perseguidos en esta aportación se centran en avanzar en la detección cuantitativa de azanona (HNO) a niveles nanomolares mediante métodos electroquímicos. Se pretende desarrollar y caracterizar un electrodo sensor basado en Co(P) para: analizar la sensibilidad y precisión del electrodo; evaluar la detección en tiempo real y el análisis cinético de las reacciones productoras de HNO; determinar la selectividad y capacidad cuantitativa del sensor en un rango de 1 a 1000 nM; y caracterizar la compatibilidad del electrodo con medios biológicos complejos, incluyendo cultivos celulares, asegurando la ausencia de señales espurias por especies reactivas de nitrógeno y oxígeno. Estos objetivos buscan proporcionar una herramienta fiable para estudios químicos y biológicos relacionados con HNO.
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Most relevant results

La aportación presenta avances significativos en la detección electroquímica de azanona (HNO) a nivel nanomolar. Los resultados más relevantes incluyen: (i) la capacidad del electrodo Co(P) para realizar detección y análisis cinético en tiempo real de la respuesta electroquímica, permitiendo caracterizar reacciones productoras de HNO; (ii) la detección selectiva y cuantificación fiable de HNO en un rango de concentración de 1 a 1000 nM; (iii) la compatibilidad del electrodo con medios biológicos complejos, incluyendo cultivos celulares, sin interferencias por especies reactivas de nitrógeno y oxígeno como O2 y NO. Estos hallazgos posicionan al electrodo Co(P) como una herramienta prometedora para estudios químicos y biológicos relacionados con HNO.
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Awards linked to the item

This work was financially supported by the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) (UBACYT W583 and 2010-12), ANPCyT (PICT 2010-2649 and 2010-416), CONICET (PIP1207 and 112-201001-00125), and the Bunge y Born Foundation. D.E.B., D.E.W., M.A.M., and F.D. are members of CONICET.
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