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This research was funded by the Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) through project ALGATEC-CM (P2018/BAA-4532), co-financed by the European Social Fund.

Analysis of institutional authors

Blanco-Llamero, CAuthorGarcia-Garcia, PAuthorSenorans, FjCorresponding Author

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Article

Combination of Synergic Enzymes and Ultrasounds as an Effective Pretreatment Process to Break Microalgal Cell Wall and Enhance Algal Oil Extraction

Publicated to:Foods. 10 (8): 1928- - 2021-08-01 10(8), DOI: 10.3390/foods10081928

Authors: Blanco-Llamero, Cristina; Garcia-Garcia, Paz; Javier Senorans, Francisco;

Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Fac Sci, Dept Sect Food Sci, Hlth Lipids Grp, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author

Abstract

Microalgal biomass is a sustainable source of bioactive lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of neutral and polar lipids from microalgae requires alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pretreatment. In this work, a combined ultrasound and enzymatic process using commercial enzymes Viscozyme, Celluclast, and Alcalase was optimized as a pretreatment method for Nannochloropsis gaditana, where the Folch method was used for lipid extraction. Significant differences were observed among the used enzymatic pretreatments, combined with ultrasound bath or probe-type sonication. To further optimize this method, ranges of temperatures (35, 45, and 55 degrees C) and pH (4, 5, and 8) were tested, and enzymes were combined at the best conditions. Subsequently, simultaneous use of three hydrolytic enzymes rendered oil yields of nearly 29%, showing a synergic effect. To compare enzymatic pretreatments, neutral and polar lipids distribution of Nannochloropsis was determined by HPLC-ELSD. The highest polar lipids content was achieved employing ultrasound-assisted enzymatic pretreatment (55 degrees C and 6 h), whereas the highest glycolipid (44.54%) and PE (2.91%) contents were achieved using Viscozyme versus other enzymes. The method was applied to other microalgae showing the potential of the optimized process as a practical alternative to produce valuable lipids for nutraceutical applications.

Keywords

alcalase®celluclast®enzymatic pretreatmentmicroalgaenannochloropsis gaditanapolar lipidsviscozyme®Alcalase (r)AromaAssisted extractionBiorefineryCelluclast (r)Chlorella-vulgarisDisruptionEnzymatic pretreatmentLipid extractionMicroalgaeNannochloropsis gaditanaPalm kernelsPolar lipidsProtein releaseRich oilSonicationViscozyme (r)Viscozyme®, alcalase®, celluclast®

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Foods due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 35/144, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Food Science & Technology.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations from Scopus Elsevier, it yields a value for the Field-Weighted Citation Impact from the Scopus agency: 2.29, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 3.75 (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-22, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 9
  • Scopus: 25
  • Europe PMC: 7
  • OpenCitations: 16

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-22:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 81 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/701700

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (BLANCO LLAMERO, CRISTINA) and Last Author (SEÑORANS RODRIGUEZ, FCO.JAVIER).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been SEÑORANS RODRIGUEZ, FCO.JAVIER.