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This study was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades of Spain (PGC2018098558-BI00), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain (PID2019-107206GB-I00/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/50110 00110 33), the Government of the Comunidad de Madrid (H2019/HUM5705), the Xunta de Galicia (ED431B 2022/19) and the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (2022PFR-URV-47).

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The bright side of words: Norms for 9000 Spanish words in seven discrete positive emotions

Publicated to:Behavior Research Methods. 56 (5): 4909-4929 - 2024-08-01 56(5), DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02229-8

Authors: Hinojosa, Jose A; Guasch, Marc; Montoro, Pedro R; Albert, Jacobo; Fraga, Isabel; Ferre, Pilar

Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Facultad Psicologia, Dept Psicologia Biolog Salud, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Complutense Madrid, Dpto Psicologia Expt, Procesos Cognitivos Logopedia, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Complutense Madrid, Inst Pluridisciplinar, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Nacl Educac Distancia UNED, Facultad Psicologia, Dept Psicologia Basica 1, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Nebrija, Centro Investigac Nebrija Cogn CINC, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Rovira Virgili, Dept Psychol & CRAMC, Tarragona, Spain - Author
Univ Santiago Compostela, Dept Social Psychol, Cognit Processes Behaviour Res Grp, Basic Psychol Methodol, Santiago De Compostela, Spain - Author
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Abstract

In recent years, assumptions about the existence of a single construct of happiness that accounts for all positive emotions have been questioned. Instead, several discrete positive emotions with their own neurobiological and psychological mechanisms have been proposed. Of note, the effects of positive emotions on language processing are not yet properly understood. Here we provide a database for a large set of 9000 Spanish words scored by 3437 participants in the positive emotions of awe, contentment, amusement, excitement, serenity, relief, and pleasure. We also report significant correlations between discrete positive emotions and several affective (e.g., valence, arousal, happiness, negative discrete emotions) and lexico-semantic (e.g., frequency of use, familiarity, concreteness, age of acquisition) characteristics of words. Finally, we analyze differences between words conveying a single emotion ("pure" emotion words) and those denoting more than one emotion ("mixed" emotion words). This study will provide researchers a rich source of information to do research that contributes to expanding the current knowledge on the role of positive emotions in language. The norms are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21533571.v2

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Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Behavior Research Methods due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 7/99, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Psychology, Experimental. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 4.93, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-13, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 6
  • Scopus: 6
  • OpenCitations: 2

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-13:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 15 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is: